Working with an Architect 4A

The services provided by the architect and his or her consultants can vary according to the project type and complexity, the client’s needs, the city’s permitting requirements, the way in which the contractor will be selected, and the budget. The contract between the owner and the client should clearly list what services the architect will provide as well as those which are excluded.

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Although the exact scope of services will vary according to the project, an architect’s services generally cover these six categories or phases. In some projects several of these steps may be combined or there may be additional ones.

PROGRAMMING/DECIDING WHAT TO BUILD
The owners and architect discuss the requirements for the project (how many rooms, the function, size and location of the spaces, etc.), refining the fit between the owner's needs and wants, and the constraints of the budget, site and local regulations. The output of this phase is usually a list or spreadsheet and possibly a number of diagrams.
SCHEMATIC DESIGN
The architect prepares a range of design concepts to satisfy the program requirements. Historically, this was done with a series of rough sketches and simple physical models, but DNM Architect generates simple three-dimensional computer models that can be explored and manipulated easily. Often working together at a computer screen or remotely though a web browser, this approach offers a more interactive and efficient environment for the architect and client to collaborate in real time. The output of this phase is a simple three-dimensional model that satisfies the program and captures the “best of” the various design concepts that were explored.
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT/REFINING THE DESIGN
Based on the accepted schematic design, the architect prepares a more detailed computer model to capture other aspects of the design and its initial structure. Floor plans and sections show all the rooms in correct size and shape. Outline specifications are prepared listing the major materials and room finishes. In reality, with the integration of three-dimensional computer modeling into architectural practice, there is hardly a clear line between schematic design and design development. The schematic design tends to evolve seamlessly into design development while basic design concepts remain open longer for exploration. The output of this phase is a robust computer model that captures the complete architectural design and from which plans, sections, elevations and 3D views can be generated for the client, other consultants and initial cost estimates. In residential projects, cost estimating is typically provided by prospective general contractors.
PREPARATION OF CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS
based on the approved design and initial budget estimate, the architect prepares detailed drawings and specifications that will be required for the building permit and to establish actual construction cost and build the project. The architect also works with other consultants (mainly the structural engineer) to coordinate the design disciplines and avoid conflicts or other problems in the field. The drawings and specifications are the basis of the building permit and part of the building contract.
HIRING THE CONTRACTOR
The client, not the architect, selects and hires the contractor. In residential construction, the architect typically advises in the contractor selection, but the extent and timing of the advice varies. Frequently, the architect will recommend several contractors to the client and coordinate the preparation of proposals from each of them. The proposals often reveal that the project cost exceeds the budget or the schedule or there is some other issue, and the design and/or budget are adjusted. Based on the proposals and interviews, the client selects one contractor with whom he or she negotiates a final contract.
CONSTRUCTION ADMINISTRATION
Once the project is permitted and underway, additional questions are inevitable, as are fresh ideas, opportunities and unforeseen obstacles. The architect stays involved in the project throughout its construction on an as needed basis to assist the client in making sure that the project is built according to the plans and specifications. The architect can make site visits to observe construction, review and approve the contractor's applications for payment, respond to requests for information, and generally keep the client informed of the project's progress. The contractor, however, is solely responsible for construction methods, techniques, schedules, and procedures.

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The following list of services may be provided by the architect's team in a typical project:

* Building code analysis
* Building program review
* Conceptual design
* Design development
* Civil engineering
* Structural engineering
* Mechanical engineering
* Electrical engineering
* Working drawings
* Specifications
* Bidding
* Periodic construction observation
* Shop drawing review
* Project close out

In addition, an architect may provide one or more of the following services if needed:

* Detailed functional programs
* Site selection assistance
* Feasibility studies
* Building inspection and evaluation
* Measured drawings
* Environmental impact studies
* Landscape architecture
* Interior design
* Kitchen equipment selection
* Facilities management
* Perspective rendering
* Finished presentation models
* Product design
* Computer drawing database
* Construction management
* Full time construction representation
* Post construction use evaluation
* Cost estimating


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